Tag: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

UPSC DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS (10TH OCTOBER, 2023) Afghanistan Earthquake Syllabus: GS1/Earthquakes Context The 6.3-magnitude earthquake struck Afghanistan that killed more than 2,000 people and damaged properties. More about the News Afghanistan has a long history of strong earthquakes, many in the rugged Hindu Kush region bordering Pakistan. As per the data available with the World Health Organization (WHO), Women and children make up two-thirds of the victims of the earthquakes in Afghanistan. Earthquakes in Afghanistan Afghanistan is frequently hit by earthquakes – especially in the Hindu Kush mountain range as it lies near the junction of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates. Places affected by earthquakes in Afghanistan in the past: Badakhshan (in 2023), Kunar (September 2022), Paktika (June 2022), Hindu Kush (2015, 2002, and 1991), Takhar (1998) and Qayen (1997). Why are earthquakes particularly damaging in Afghanistan? Japan and countries in South America tend to have more earthquakes than Afghanistan. However, Afghanistan is particularly vulnerable, because the buildings there are not earthquake-resistant. Landslides associated with earthquakes can block up rivers, causing widespread flooding in the region. India and Tanzania Bilateral Relations Syllabus: GS 2/International Relations In News The President of the United Republic of Tanzania undertook a State Visit to the Republic of India . About Tanzania and India Overview: Tanzania and India have enjoyed traditionally close, friendly and cooperative relations. Tanzania is India’s largest and closest development partner in Africa. Political: From the 1960s to the 1980s, the political relationship involved shared commitments to anti-colonialism, non-alignment as well as South-South Cooperation and close cooperation in international fora. Both sides agreed to continue with high-level political dialogue through the Joint Commission mechanism at the Foreign Ministers’ level and bilateral meetings between Leaders. Economic: India and Tanzania are important partners in terms of bilateral trade and investment. India is amongst the top five investment sources for Tanzania whereby 630 investment projects worth USD 3.74 billion have been registered and thus creating 60,000 new jobs. The two countries expressed a desire to expand bilateral trade using Local currencies. Reserve Bank of India has cleared the way for trade using local currencies i.e. Indian Rupee (INR) & Tanzanian Shilling by allowing the authorized banks in India to open Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVA) of correspondent banks of Tanzania Defence: Both India and Tanzania share the unanimous view that terrorism represents the gravest security threat to humanity. In the defense sector, They agreed on a five-year roadmap. It will add new dimensions to areas like military training, maritime cooperation, capacity building and defense industry. The two sides agreed to enhance cooperation in maritime security in the Indian Ocean region. They expressed satisfaction over the first ever India-Tanzania Joint Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surveillance exercise conducted in July 2023 when the Indian Naval Ship Trishul visited Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam. India and Tanzania held bilateral maritime exercises in October 2022 during the visit of the Indian Naval Ship Tarkash. Energy and Environment : India and Tanzania have close cooperation in the energy sector too. Tanzania has decided to join the Global Biofuels Alliance launched by India at the G20 Summit. Tanzania’s decision to join the International Big Cat Alliance, will enhance global efforts to conserve big cats. International forums: Both sides have active participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations and have contributed towards regional security initiatives. They agreed on the need for reform of the United Nations Security Council through expansion in both categories of membership. India and Tanzania agreed to cooperate under the framework of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) to ensure a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable Indian Ocean Region. Education, Skill Development and Development of ICT: India has made significant contributions to Tanzania’s skill development and capacity building through ICT centres, vocational training, defence training, Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) scholarships. The Indian side offered collaboration in areas of space technologies and digital public infrastructure under India Stack including Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and Digital Unique Identity (Aadhar). Health: Both sides agreed to work for collaboration in the health sector. The Tanzanian side appreciated the donation of 10 ambulances by the Government of India aimed at assisting in the provision of prompt medical care to patients and support to hospital infrastructure. Both sides also highlighted the excellent track record of bilateral cooperation in the implementation of grant projects including donation of radiation therapy machines, “Bhabhatron II”, essential medicines. People to People Relations and Cultural Exchanges: Both leaders underscored the importance of strong people-to-people contacts, cultural exchanges, academic linkages and tourism between the two countries. Future Outlook India and Tanzania are maritime neighbors with a long history of trade and people to people linkages therefore Tanzania has an important place in India’s vision of SAGAR (Security and Growth for all in the Region). Technology forms an important base for the development journey of both nations. The agreement on digital public goods sharing will bolster our partnership. Both sides should harmonise trade volume data and take initiatives to further enhance bilateral trade volumes by organizing visits of business delegations, business exhibitions and interaction with business communities. Both leaders looked forward to increased interoperability between their Armed Forces. PLFS Annual Report 2022-2023 Syllabus:GS3/Economy News The sixth Annual Report is being brought out by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) on the basis of the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). Background Five Annual Reports covering both rural and urban areas giving estimates of all important parameters of employment and unemployment have been released till now. These five Annual Reports are brought out on the basis of data collected in PLFS during July 2017- June 2018, July 2018-June 2019, July 2019-June 2020, July 2020 – June 2021 and July 2021-June 2022. The sixth Annual Report is brought on the basis of data collected during July 2022-June 2023. Key Findings of PLFS, Annual Report 2022- 2023 in usual status (ps+ss) Increasing Trend in Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR):In rural areas, LFPR increased from 50.7% in 2017-18 to 60.8% in 2022-23 while for urban areas it increased from 47.6% to 50.4%. LFPR for male in India increased from 75.8% in 2017-18 to 78.5% in 2022-23 and corresponding increase in LFPR for females was from 23.3% to 37.0%. Increasing Trend in Worker Population Ratio (WPR): In rural areas, WPR increased from 48.1% in 2017-18 to 59.4% in 2022-23 while for urban areas it increased from 43.9% to 47.7%. WPR for male in India increased from 71.2% in 2017-18 to 76.0% in 2022-23 and corresponding increase in WPR for females was from 22.0% to 35.9%. Decreasing Trend in Unemployment Rate (UR): In rural areas, UR decreased from 5.3% in 2017-18 to 2.4% in 2022-23 while for urban areas it decreased from 7.7% to 5.4%. UR for male in India decreased from 6.1% in 2017-18 to 3.3% in 2022-23 and corresponding decrease in UR for females was from 5.6% to 2.9%. Key Findings of PLFS, Annual Report 2022- 2023 in Current Weekly Status (CWS) Increasing Trend in Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): In rural areas, LFPR increased from 48.9% in 2017-18 to 56.7% in 2022-23 while for urban areas it increased from 47.1% to 49.4%. LFPR for male in India increased from 75.1% in 2017-18 to 77.4% in 2022-23 and corresponding increase in LFPR for females was from 21.1% to 31.6%. Increasing Trend in Worker Population Ratio (WPR): In rural areas, WPR increased from 44.8% in 2017-18 to 54.2% in 2022-23 while for urban areas it increased from 42.6% to 46.0%. WPR for male in India increased from 68.6% in 2017-18 to 73.5% in 2022-23 and corresponding increase in WPR for females was from 19.2% to 30.0%. Decreasing Trend in Unemployment Rate (UR): In rural areas, UR decreased from 8.4% in 2017-18 to 4.4% in 2022-23 while for urban areas it decreased 9.5% to 7.0%. UR for male in India decreased from 8.7% in 2017-18 to 5.1% in 2022-23 and corresponding decrease in UR for females was from 9.0% to 5.1%. Some Important terms– Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): It is defined as the percentage of persons in the labor force (i.e. working or seeking or available for work)in the population.– Worker Population Ratio (WPR): It is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population.– Unemployment Rate (UR): It is defined as the percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labor force.– Activity Status- Usual Status: The activity status of a person is determined on the basis of the activities pursued by the person during the specified reference period. When the activity status is determined on the basis of the reference period of the last 365 days preceding the date of survey, it is known as the usual activity status of the person.– Activity Status- Current Weekly Status (CWS): The activity status determined on the basis of a reference period of last 7 days preceding the date of survey is known as the current weekly status (CWS) of the person.– Principal activity status (ps): The activity status on which a person spent relatively long time (major time criterion) during 365 days preceding the date of survey, was considered the usual principal activity status of the person.– Subsidiary economic activity status (ss): The activity status in which a person in addition to his/her usual principal status, performs some economic activity for 30 days or more for the reference period of 365 days preceding the date of survey, was considered the subsidiary economic activity status of the person. India-Israel Ties Syllabus: GS2/International Relations Context The Prime Minister of India termed ‘terrorist attacks’ and conveyed ‘solidarity with Israel’ after the attack from Hamas, the militant group ruling the Gaza Strip. A brief history of India’s stand with Israel and Palestine: After independence of India in 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi vowed to support the Palestinian cause as they rejected the idea of two nations on the basis of religion. India’s position with regard to Palestine was also guided by the general consensus in the Arab world, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the United Nations. While they had sympathy for the Jews, both were of the view that any State based on religious exclusivity could not sustain on moral and political grounds. In the years post-independence: India recognised Israel on September 17, 1950, after two Muslim-majority countries, Turkey and Iran, and it was allowed to open a consulate in Mumbai in 1953. India developed its engagement with the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) in the late 1960s and early 70s, and it recognised PLO as the sole and legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and permitted it an independent office at New Delhi on January 10, 1975. India was one of the last non-Muslim states to recognise Israel, and it became the first non-Arab state to recognise the PLO. When the partition of Palestine plan was put to vote at the UN, India voted against, along with the Arab countries. When Israel applied for admission to the UN, India again voted against. India maintained its steadfast support towards Palestine throughout the outbreak of the Palestinian intifada (uprising) in December 1987 in Gaza and West Bank due to the ‘iron fist’ policies of Israel. Ground shifts towards Israel: The balance of ties shifted in the 1990s. The Arab countries’ neutral position during the 1962 India-China war and they supported Pakistan during the 1965 and 1971 wars. On the other hand, Israel helped India with arms and ammunition in the 1962 and 1965 wars. International events like Iraq invasion of Kuwait in 1990, losing of political leverage of PLO on account of its support to Saddam Hussain, and disintegration of the Soviet Union etc have prompted India to make drastic changes in its policy towards West Asia. India established full diplomatic relations with Israel in January 1992, just after the Chinese established diplomatic relations with Tel Aviv. The establishment of full diplomatic ties with Israel came in especially handy during the Kargil conflict in 1999. Current Scenario: The Indian strategic approach to engage with countries of West Asia is born out of necessity. The 90 lakh-strong Indian community in the region; An estimated 18,000 odd Indians are employed in Israel and the vast majority of them, perhaps up to 14,000 individuals, are caregivers to the elderly. Connectivity to West Asia and Europe; Energy Security: More than 50% of India’s energy imports are sourced from West Asia. India-Israel ties have deepened in security, defence, and connectivity with Israel, but also with partners in West Asia — Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Qatar and Iran. Smart Fencing along Myanmar Border Syllabus: GS3/ Internal Security In News The Ministry of Home Affairs has said that an advanced smart fencing system of 100 km along the Indo-Myanmar Border is in the pipeline to strengthen the existing surveillance system. What is Smart Fencing? Smart fencing entails deploying laser-activated fences and technology-enabled barriers to plug vulnerable gaps along frontiers Smart fencing uses a number of devices for surveillance, communication and data storage. Sensors like thermal imager, underground sensors, fiber optical sensors, radar and sonar will be mounted on different platforms like aerostat, tower and poles as part of the smart fence India’s first ‘smart fence’ pilot project under the CIBMS project was launched in two 5-km patches along the India-Pak border. Need for Smart Fencing The system will provide for round-the-clock surveillance on the border and in different weather conditions be it dust storm, fog or rain. Unfenced border and unregulated migration from Myanmar have been attributed as some of the factors responsible for the ethnic violence in Manipur Intelligence reports suggest that several northeast-based insurgent groups who have their camps in Myanmar keep coming to this side of the border to further fuel the already aggravated situation of Manipur. Manipur is affected by the activities of Meitei, Naga, Kuki, Zomi, and Hmar insurgent groups. The Government of India and the Government of Manipur entered into a Cessation of Operation (CoO) Agreement with Zeliangrong United Front (ZUF) group of Manipur in December 2022. Free Movement Regime on the IMB India shares a 1,643 km long border with Myanmar which passes through the states of Arunachal Pradesh (520 km), Nagaland (215 km), Manipur (398 km) and Mizoram (510 km). The FMR is a mutually agreed arrangement between the two countries that allows tribes living along the border on either side to travel up to 16 km inside the other country without a visa. The FMR was implemented in 2018 as part of Act East policy. The FMR was supposed to provide impetus to local trade and business. The region has a long history of trans-border commerce through customs and border haats. Why is the FMR being discussed critically? FMR has been criticised for unintentionally aiding illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and gun running. India’s borders– India shares land borders with China, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.– India’s borders are unique due to the variety of terrains through which these borders pass, namely deserts, mountains, glaciers and forests. 1. It is obvious that managing such large borders in diverse terrain conditions pose myriad challenges.India’s strategy to guard its borders– Construction activities: As part of the strategy to secure the borders and also to create infrastructure in the border areas of the country, several initiatives have been undertaken by the Border Management Division. – These include: Construction of fence, floodlighting, roads, Border Out Posts (BOPs), Company Operating Bases (COBs) and 1. Deployment of technological solutions along the India-Pakistan, India-Bangladesh, India-China, India-Nepal, India-Bhutan and India-Myanmar borders. – Deployment of troops & surveillance: The Indian Army and the BSF are deployed in multiple layers to form an anti-infiltration grid. The border fence and deployment of other surveillance devices have helped in reducing infiltrations. – Along Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar borders:Our borders with these countries are guarded primarily by paramilitary forces, and they have to deal with the smuggling and trafficking of humans, drugs, arms, illegal migration and movement of suspected insurgents. 1. Porous borders with Bangladesh and Myanmar and open borders with Nepal pose challenges in dealing with these nefarious activities.– Drugs Challenge: Drones have proved to be an effective tool in smuggling drugs across the border. 1. It will take more than mere vigilance on the border to deal with this menace. 2. Improving the intelligence network within the state to nab the drug dealers on our side of the border must be the main priority of our security forces. Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Syllabus: GS3/Developments in Science and Technology In News Multimodal Artificial Intelligence is emerging as the next frontier of Artificial Intelligence. About Multimodal Artificial Intelligence In multimodal systems users can engage with AI in several ways. People absorb ideas and form context by drawing meaning from images, sounds, videos and text around them. Recently, OpenAI announced that it had enabled its GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 models to study images and analyse them in words, while its mobile apps will have speech synthesis so that people can have full-fledged conversations with the chatbot. OpenAI is also reportedly working on a new project called Gobi which is expected to be a multimodal AI system from scratch, unlike the GPT models. Further, Google’s new yet-to-be-released multimodal large language model called Gemini, was already being tested in a bunch of companies. How does multimodality work? DALL.E, a multimodal AI model based on a concept that links together text and images in the training stage. The system looks for patterns in visual data that can connect with data of the image descriptions. This enables these systems to generate images according to the text prompts that users enter. For multimodal audio systems, the training works in the same way. GPT’s voice processing capabilities are based on its own open-source speech-to-text translation model, called Whisper, which can recognise speech in audio and translate it into simple language text. Applications of multimodal AI Some of the earlier multimodal systems combined computer vision and natural language processing models or audio and text together to perform functions like automatic image caption generation etc. In 2020, Meta was working on a multimodal system to automatically detect hateful memes on Facebook. Meanwhile, Google researchers published a paper in 2021 about a multimodal system they had built to predict the next lines of dialogue in a video. Recently, Meta announced a new open-source AI multimodal system called ImageBind that had many modes — text, visual data, audio, temperature and movement readings. Meta had speculated that future multimodal models could add other sensory data to them, like “touch, speech, smell, and brain fMRI signals.” A virtual reality device in the future might be able to generate not just the visuals and the sounds of an environment but also other physical elements. A simulation of a beach could have not just the waves crashing on the shore, but also the wind blowing and the temperature there. Further, processing CT scans, or identifying rare genetic variations all need AI systems that can analyse complex datasets of images, and then respond in plain words. Speech translation: Google Translate uses multiple models like Meta’s SeamlessM4T model. It can perform text-to-speech, speech-to-text, speech-to-speech and text-to-text translations for around 100 languages. Open Market Operations (OMOs) by RBI Syllabus: GS3/Indian Economy Context: The Reserve Bank of India announced to consider the Open Market Operation (OMO) sale of government securities to manage liquidity in the system. About Open market operations (OMO): It refers to buying and selling of bonds issued by the Government in the open market to regulate the supply of money. The central bank purchases Treasury securities to increase the money supply and sells them to reduce it. This purchase and sale is entrusted to the Central bank on behalf of the Government. It’s used as a tool to rein in inflation and money supply in the system. When the central bank feels that there is excess liquidity in the market, it resorts to the sale of government securities, thereby sucking out the rupee liquidity. Similarly, when the liquidity conditions are tight, the central bank buys securities from the market, thereby releasing liquidity into the market. It is considered to be part of ‘sterilisation’ of the Reserve Bank of India Sterilisation is a form of monetary action in which a central bank seeks to limit the effect of inflows and outflows of capital on the money supply. Types of Open Market Operations: There are two types of open market operations: outright and repo. Outright OMOs: The injection/absorption of the money is of permanent nature. It is without any promise to sell or buy them later. When the central bank buys securities, and thus injecting money into the system. When the central bank sells these securities, thus withdrawing money from the system. Repurchase Agreement (Repo): When the central bank buys the security through an agreement which has a specification about the date and price at which it will be purchased. Repo rate is the interest rate at which the money is lent. Reverse Repurchase Agreement (Reverse repo): The central bank may sell the securities through an agreement which has a specification about the date and price at which it will be repurchased. Reverse repo rate is the interest rate at which the money is withdrawn. Reserve Bank of India conducts repo and reverse repo operations at various maturities: overnight, 7 day, 14 day, etc. This type of operations have now become the main tool of monetary policy of the Reserve Bank of India. Benefits of Open Market Operations: OMOs allow the central banks to prevent price inflation or deflation without directly interfering in the market economy. Instead of using regulations to control lending, the central bank can simply raise or lower the cost of borrowing money. During recessions, the central bank lowers the cost of borrowing money, encouraging business activity and growth. OMOs can be used to affect job growth. By lowering interest rates, the central bank can make it easier to start businesses and hire workers, resulting in increased employment. Facts In News Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2023 Syllabus: GS 3/Economy In News The Nobel Prize in Economics for 2023 was awarded to Harvard University professor Claudia Goldin for research that has advanced the understanding of the gender gap in the labour market. About Claudia Goldin became the third woman to receive the Nobel Prize in economics She provided the first comprehensive account of women’s earnings and labour market participation through the centuries. She has studied 200 years of women’s participation in the workplace, showing that despite continued economic growth, women’s pay did not continuously catch up to men’s and a divide still exists despite women gaining higher levels of education than men. About the award In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) established the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. The first prize in economic sciences was awarded to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen in 1969. It is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, according to the same principles as for the Nobel Prizes that have been awarded since 1901. It has been awarded 55 times to 93 laureates between 1969 and 2023. Last year’s winners were former Federal Reserve Chair Ben Bernanke, Douglas W. Diamond and Philip Dybvig for their research into bank failures that helped shape America’s aggressive response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis. Principles to Close the Asia-Pacific Financial Gap Syllabus: GS-3/Environment and Ecology Context The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) has released the report named ‘Sustainable Finance: Bridging the Gap in Asia and the Pacific’. About the Report: Aim: To guide policymakers, regulators, and private finance in mobilizing and deploying financing for key UN-mandated Sustainable Development Goals, particularly around climate action. The report presents 10 principles: Developing new climate finance partnerships Developing effective NDC financing strategies Developing policy coherence and capacities across key government ministries Taking decisive regulatory action to shift capital in Asia and the Pacific towards the Net Zero transition Driving investment in the capacities of financial personnel Driving investment in much-needed sectoral and project-based financial data is undertaken Committing to Net Zero pledges for 2050 with credible transition pathways and including 2030 goals Increasing local-currency financing of energy transition projects as well as green technologies and other net-zero investments Expanding and accelerating concessional financing and risk-sharing by multilateral development banks, bilateral development financial institutions, and public development banks Increasing investment of time and effort with partners in project preparation Key Takeaways: Financial Need: Only 17 of the 51 Asia-Pacific countries party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change have assessed and reported their financial needs to meet their Nationally Determined Contributions. Economic Loss: The average economic losses in the region from disaster-related and other natural hazards are expected to rise to $1.1 trillion in a moderate climate-change scenario and $1.4 trillion in a worst-case scenario. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)– UN-ESCAP is one of the five regional committees under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. – The organization was formed to enhance the economic activity in Asia and the Far East and to boost economic relations between the region and other areas of the world. SHRESTHA Scheme Syllabus: GS-2/Education Content The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment has launched the “Scheme for Residential Education for Students in High Schools in Targeted Areas (SHRESHTA)”. About the Scheme: Aim: To provide seats to the meritorious SC students in the best private residential schools in the country. Implementation: It is being implemented in two Modes: Schooling under CBSE/State Board Affiliated Private Residential Schools: Under this mode, meritorious students will get admission to selected private schools of CBSE and State Boards. These students will be selected through the National Entrance Test for SHRESHTA (NETS), conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA). Selected students will be admitted to private residential schools in the 9th and 11th grades, enabling them to complete their education up to the 12th standard. Eligibility: Under this scheme, around 3000 SC students with parents’ annual income of up to 2.5 lakh are selected annually based on their merit. Admission to NGO-operated schools: Under this mode of education, schools and hostels run by voluntary organizations (VOs) and NGOs, will offer education up to class 12. Schools and hostels receiving grant-in-aid and demonstrating satisfactory performance will continue to benefit under this mode. Benefits: Under this for the students taking admission, their entire fee including school fees (tuition fees) and hostel fees (mess charges) will be waived. Admissible fees for each class are specified as follows- 9th: ₹1,00,000, 10th: ₹1,10,000, 11th: ₹1,25,000, 12th: ₹1,35,000. Students can take the benefit of a bridge course within the selected schools, which focuses on the individual academic requirements of students and aids their adjustment to the school environment. The cost of the bridge course, equivalent to 10% of the annual fee, is also covered under the scheme and the progress of these students will be monitored by the Ministry of Education. CHAKRAVAT-2023 Syllabus: GS-3/Defence Context The Indian Navy hosted the Annual Joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise—”CHAKRAVAT-2023” at Goa. About: It is the multi-agency annual exercise initiated in 2015 which involves the participation of all three Indian Armed Forces, paramilitary forces, as well as several other organisations. The exercise has been conducted by the Indian Army, Indian Navy (IN) and Indian Air Force (IAF) in rotation since 2016. The last edition of the exercise was conducted at Agra by IAF. Indian Armed Forces have been frequently called upon to render assistance to our friends and partners in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) , thereby, strengthening the need and resolve to be the ‘First Responder’ in the region. About the 2023 edition: AJHE-23, planned over three days, includes a seminar, a Table-Top Exercise, and a Multi-Agency Capability Demonstration. The exercise witnessed participation from various national agencies. Logo: The Logo for this year’s exercise depicts crests and logos of all participating agencies and flags of all nations subsumed into one single entity. Indian Ocean Rim Association(IORA) Syllabus: GS2/Important International Institutions News Sri Lanka set to take over chairmanship of Indian Ocean Rim Association during 23rd Council of Ministers’ Meeting in Colombo. Indian Ocean Rim Association(IORA) Established in 1997 as an intergovernmental organisation of States on the rim of the Indian Ocean, the IORA has members from Africa, West Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania. Members: 23 member states and 11 dialogue partners. All sovereign States of the Indian Ocean Rim are eligible for membership of the Association. Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, French Republic, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia ,South Africa, Sri Lanka,Tanzania, Thailand, United Arab Emirates and Yemen are its members. Aim: strengthening regional cooperation and sustainable development within the Indian Ocean region. Structure: IORA’s apex body is the Council of Foreign Ministers (COM) which meets annually. A committee of Senior Officials (CSO) meets twice a year to progress IORA’s agenda. Asian Games Syllabus: Prelims/Current Events of national importance News The 19th Asian Games recently concluded in Hangzhou, China . About Asian Games: Background: Before the Asian Games, the Far Eastern Championship Games were held. After the Second World War, many Asian countries gained independence and Guru Dutt Sondhi, a member of the Indian International Olympic Committee, proposed the idea of Asian Games. The Asian Games, also known as Asiad, are the oldest and most prestigious event, regulated by the Asian Games Federation from 1951 to 1978 and since 1982, Olympic Council of Asia regulates the Asian Games. The Symbol: Rising sun with interlocking rings Athletes from all Asian countries are welcomed to participate in this event and Thailand boasts an impressive record of hosting this magnificent sporting event a staggering four times- 1966, 1970, 1978, and 1998. The Asian Games is recognised by the International Olympic Committee and is the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympics. Like the Olympic Games, they are held every four years. The Games follow the sports programme of the Olympics, with athletics and swimming as core sports, as well as featuring disciplines which reflect the diverse sporting culture of the continent such as South East Asia’s sepak takraw, South Asia’s kabaddi and East Asia’s wushu. The first edition of the Asian Games was held in New Delhi in March 1951. The ninth edition of the Asian Games was also held in New Delhi in November and December 1982. India is one of the seven countries to have participated in all the editions of the Asian Games. 2023 Edition (Originally scheduled for 2022) Venue: Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, from 23 September to 8 October, 2023. Next Edition: 2026 in Nagoya, Japan Theme: ‘Tides Surging in Asia’. Mascot: “Memories of Jiangnan”, composed of Chenchen, Congcong and Lianlian, are three robots known as “The Three Little Ones”, which reflect the internet prowess of Hangzhou city and Zhejiang province. Toppers: China topped the list with 383 – 201 gold medals, 111 silver medals and 71 bronze. More than 12,000 athletes from all 45 members of the Olympic Council of Asia competed in the 19th Asian Games. India’s performance: 28 gold, 38 silver and 41 bronze to a total of 107 medals. This is the best-ever performance of the Indian contingent at the continental event. Recommendations of the 52nd GST Council Meeting Context: The 52nd GST Council Meeting made several important recommendations: Amendments in Appointment of GST Appellate Tribunals – in the conditions for appointing the President and Members of the proposed GST Appellate Tribunals. GST Rates for Millet Flour: GST rates for food preparation of millet flour in powder form, containing at least 70% millets by weight, were specified as follows: 0% when sold in non-pre-packaged and unlabelled form. 5% when sold in pre-packaged and labelled form. Exclusion of Extra Neutral Alcohol (ENA) from GST Reduced GST on Molasses: The GST rate on molasses was reduced from 28% to 5%. IGST Exemption for Foreign Going Vessels Changes in GST Rates for Services About GST Council: It is a constitutional body under Article 279A (101 Constitution Amendment Act, 2016). Function: Making recommendations on issues related to the implementation of GST Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Context: Russia has recently suggested the possibility of withdrawing its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), not to resume nuclear testing but to align with the United States. The CTBT is a global treaty, adopted by the United Nations in 1996, aimed at prohibiting all nuclear explosions for military or peaceful purposes. However, it has not yet entered into force due to the incomplete ratification process by several countries. About the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT): The origins of the CTBT can be traced back to the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, which conducted numerous nuclear tests from 1945 to 1996, causing concerns about the environmental and health impacts of radioactive fallout. Various attempts to limit nuclear testing were made, including the Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty in 1963, which prohibited tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater but allowed underground testing. The CTBT, established in 1996, sought to impose a complete ban on explosive nuclear testing, taking advantage of reduced geopolitical tensions after the end of the Cold War. Despite its adoption, some countries have conducted nuclear tests since then, including India, Pakistan, and North Korea. The treaty requires ratification by 44 specific countries with nuclear technology, and eight of them, including China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, and the United States, have yet to do so.

Tag: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

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